Parallel port

In computing, a parallel port is a type of physical interface used in conjunction with a cable to connect separate peripherals in a computer system. Over a parallel port, binary information is transferred in parallel: each bit in a particular value is sent simultaneously as an electrical pulse across a separate wire, in contrast to a serial port, which requires each bit to be sent in series over a single wire. The number of wires and the type of connector on a parallel port can vary.
For the most part, the USB interface has replaced the parallel port — as of 2006, most modern printers are connected through a USB connection, and often don't even have a parallel port connection. On many modern computers, the parallel port is omitted for cost savings, and is considered to be a legacy port.

Uses

Parallel ports are most often used by microprocessors to communicate with peripheral devices. The most common kind of parallel port is a printer port, such as a Centronics connector based port which transfers eight bits at a time. Disk drives are also connected via special parallel ports, such as those used by the SCSI and ATA technlogies. However, when people refer to a parallel port, they are usually referring to a printer port, either on a printer or a PC. Before USB connections became widespread on mass-market computers, many external devices, such as portable disk drives for Microsoft windows and MS-DOS systems, used a pass-through connector so the device could share a parallel port with a printer. This was done because mass-market Windows boxes of the era lacked any equivalent of the SCSI connections then common on some other platforms; the only convenient connection was usually the single printer port.The parallel port of an IBM PC-compatible computer is, by far, the most common standard computer port that brings standard computer logic voltages directly out to a set of pins. It is much beloved by experimenters and engineers who often use it for inexpensive computer controlled projects. The standard logic voltage, 5 volts DC, is virtually harmless. On the other hand, the parallel port's circuitry is in general quite fragile; appropriate care must be taken to avoid damaging it.

Connectors

Parallel port connectors usually have at least 25 pins, most of which are used, resulting in thick cables. These cables are also limited in length to a maximum of 3-8 meters, depending on the specific port and cable characteristics. Although several standards for parallel ports exist today, they are not always followed (especially on older devices), which sometimes makes finding the proper cable and software driver difficult.
Parallel ports have four types of pins:

• Data pins, usually 8, sometimes 16, and sometimes with an extra pin for a parity bit. They can be either unidirectional (e.g., from a computer to a printer) or bidirectional.
• Control pins, used to send control signals such as STROBE to indicate that the data on the data pins is ready and R/W to specify whether bidirectional ports are reading or writing data.
• Status pins, used to send status signals such as BUSY to indicate the device is not ready to receive data and ACK to acknowldge successful receipt of the symbol.
• Ground pins, to complete the circuits from the other pins.

Lately, the Universal Serial Bus (USB) port has grown in popularity and started displacing parallel ports because USB makes it simple to add more than one device (such as printers) to a computer.
Some examples of parallel ports:

• IEEE 1284 is the IEEE standard for the common PC printer port.
• 8255 for Intel microprocessors
• Z80PIO for Zilog microprocessors